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Psychology of Crisis
Gregory
V. Button, Ph.D.
University
of Michigan Academic Center for Public Health Preparedness
=
;
MALPH
June 9, 2003
![](3D"slide0007_image002.gif")
Gettysburg Address
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:133%'>•That this nation under God
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:133%'>•Shall have a new birth of freedom
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:133%'>•And that the government of the People
=
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:133%'>•By the People
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:133%'>•Shall not parish from the earth
Human
Behavior in an Emergency
Human
Psychology During A Crisis
Individ=
ual
& Collective Trauma
•
•“Individual and collective traumas occur simultaneously and are experien=
ced as
two =
halves
of a collective whole.”
•
•
•<=
/span>Source: Kai Erikson, 1976.
•
PTSD
•Exposure to a traumatic stressor.
=
•Re-experiencing
symptoms.
•Avoidance and numbing symptoms.
•Symptoms of increased
arousal.
•Duration of at least o=
ne
month.
•Signification distress=
or
impairment of functioning.
<=
/span>
Human
Psychology During A Crisis
•Positive effects:
•Resilience.
•Coping.
•Altruism.
<=
/div>
•Relief and elation.=
3;
•Sense of improved self-worth.
•Feelings of strength a=
nd
growth.
Altruis=
m
&#=
8226;“Ordinary citizens, as was demonstrated in the wake of the Exxon-Valdez=
oil
spill, in the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew, and most recently on Sept. 11th have a str=
ong urge to provide aid and
assistance. “
• Source: Button, 2003
•“A dramatic example of a surge of community resourcefulness was seen in =
the
midst of the Exxon-Valdez oil spill. Coastal community members in communities where=
Exxon
could not or would not move in to stem the flow of the =
crude oil that threaten their
communities, their fisheries, their subsistence waters, formed vast =
networks of men women who wo=
rked
24 hours a day building and deploying booms to block the oil from entering their harb=
ors,
despoiling nearby wilderness areas and polluting the soon to be spawning fish
hatcheries”.
•<=
/span>Source: Button, 1992.
•
•
<=
/span>
•“Following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in California, a survey conduct=
ed in
San Francisco
and Santa Cruz Counties by O”Brien & Mileti (1992) found that a large=
majority of residents-70 percen=
t in
Santa =
Cruz
and 60 percent in San Francisco County-participated in some sort of =
emergency response activity fol=
lowing
the =
earthquake”.
•
•<=
/span>Source: Tierrney, et. al., 2001=
Initial=
Phase
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>•Threat to=
life
and encounter with death.
Initial
Response
Mainten=
ance
Phase
Mainten=
ance
Phase Response
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.32%'>•Be a role=
model
and ask more of people.
Resolut=
ion
Phase
•<=
/span>Sleep disturbance.
•<=
/span>Fatigue.
•<=
/span>Breakdown in family and community relationships.
•<=
/span>Organized support begins to erode.
•<=
/span>Victims and communities left to cope on their =
own.
•<=
/span>Local support infrastructures become over-<=
/span>=
burdened.
•
•
Resolut=
ion
Phase Response
The Exxon-Valdez Oil Spill
•<=
/span>Compared with the control group, residents that =
belonged to a high exposed group had the following incidences:
•<=
/span> 104%
increase in lifetime prevalence of GAD.
•<=
/span> 55% =
increase
in the lifetime prevalence of PTSD.
• 90% =
increase
in the post spill prevalence of GAD.
•80% increase in the post spill prevalence of =
depression.
•<=
/span>Source: Button, 1993.
•
Attacks Threatened Mental <=
/span>Health
in 3 ways
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.21%'>•Created
psychological stress for millions.
•Exacerbat=
ed or
precipitated mental disorders among smaller groups.
=
•“Using limited=
data
available at the time, we estimated that over 520,000 pers=
ons living
in New York City and surrounding counties would experience
PTSD as a result of exposure to the attacks and that more than
129,000 would seek treatment for disorder during 2002.R=
21;
• Source: Herman, et. al., 2002
Five to eight weeks after t=
he attacks
•“Among respond=
ents
who lived south of Canal
Street (I.e., near the World Trade Center), the prevalence =
of
PTSD was 20.0 percent.” [ a substantial burden of depression
was also reported].
• Galea, et. al., 2002.
•“An assessment =
of
residents of Lower Manhattan in October that 40% reported <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:44.25%;left:12.17%;width:83.89%;height:6.75=
%'>symptoms
suggestive of post-traumatic stress syndrome.”
•Source: Community Health Works, 2001 as cited in Klitzman =
& Freundenberg,, 2002.
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